Renewable desalination of brines

专利摘要:
Separation systems and processes using osmotically driven membrane systems are disclosed and generally involve the extraction of solvent from a first solution to concentrate solute by using a second concentrated solution to draw the solvent from the first solution across a semi-permeable membrane. These systems and processes involve the integration of the osmotically driven membrane systems, such as forward osmosis, with renewable energy sources, such as solar thermal power plants or geothermal installations for the recovery of draw solutes.
公开号:ES2547472A2
申请号:ES201590089
申请日:2014-02-11
公开日:2015-10-06
发明作者:Marek S. Nowosielski-Slepowron
申请人:Oasys Water Inc；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

DESCRIPTION
Renewable desalination of brines.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 5
One or more aspects generally refer to osmotic separation. More particularly, one or more aspects involve the integration of directed osmosis membrane (ODMP) processes, such as forced osmosis, with renewable energy sources, such as solar thermal power plants or geothermal installations. 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Large quantities of fresh water are required for power generation. Specifically, water is consumed in the cooling process of a 15 Rankine energy cycle. Among the different power generation technologies, the Solar Concentrated Energy (CSP) plants with wet cooling have the highest annual water consumption. To further exacerbate this problem, CSPs are located in areas of high solar irradiance, such as deserts, that have limited surface water. Some CSP plants have adopted dry cooling methods that greatly reduce water inflow, but lead to increased capital costs and large efficiency losses on hot days.

The existing seawater desalination processes, used to provide fresh water to both municipal and industrial sources, are low recovery processes. Reverse Osmosis plants for Marine Water (SWRO) typically have a recovery of ~ 45%, so that more than half of the seawater that enters the plant is returned to the sea as a concentrate. Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) and Sudden Multistage Distillation (MSF) plants operate at much lower recovery levels, typically in the range of 15 to 35%. Therefore, these 30 plants spend energy and have pre-treatment costs by bringing a large amount of water to the plant that is subsequently returned to the sea as a waste. The administration of the concentrate is a significant problem with brackish groundwater reverse osmosis (BWRO) plants. These plants can produce fresh water from brackish aquifers and surface waters, but they are plagued with the problem of what to do with the concentrate that is produced. The return of the concentrate to a saline body, such as a sea or ocean, is not practical.

Low enthalpy geothermal resources provide geothermal fluids at temperatures of 150 ° C and below; however, this is a generalization, since industrial definitions are not consistent. These resources are less than ideal for the generation of electricity, because the low temperature of the available heat results in low thermodynamic efficiency and a relatively high capital cost, and such systems would probably use an Organic Rankine Cycle. However, these are available in relatively shallow wells in many regions where higher enthalpy resources are not available.

The use of electrical energy depends on the region. But in many arid regions a significant amount of energy is consumed either directly for desalination or indirectly as a reduction in the output of the power plant due to the addition of a back pressure in the steam turbine or pressure steam extraction top of a steam turbine, for example in an Integrated Energy and Water Plant that uses MSF or MED or SWRO.

Therefore, it is attractive to use low enthalpy geothermal resources to directly desalinate water and avoid significant inefficiencies in the generation of electricity and transmission losses, thus reducing the generation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and displacing fuel consumption fossil. In the case of producers of 5 fossil fuels, this displaced consumption represents the potential export income. In the context of renewable energy resources for FO desalination, geothermal resources are very desirable since they are not subject to diurnal or climatic variations, which can deny the need to store heat and can allow a constant operation of desalination. 10

The use of geothermal resources for water desalination had already been proposed before. Bechtel proposed a combined water and energy plant in the 60's. The United States Department of Claim built a plant in Holtville in 1972. This was probably with a superior enthalpy resource. In France and Tunisia 15 two small plants have been installed using polypropylene evaporators and condensers with operating temperature ranges from 60 to 90 ° C. A two-stage MED Alpha Laval plant operating at 61 ° C was the pilot project on the Greek island of Kimolos with a production capacity of 80 m3 / day. There seems to be no examples of low enthalpy geothermal desalination of a larger scale than the pilot plant or facilities with high efficiency (with a significant number of effect). In general, MED is an obvious technology of choice for coupling to low enthalpy geothermal resources. In general, MSF requires a very high thermal input temperature to obtain a sufficient number of stages to achieve an effective performance ratio, due to adverse thermodynamics compared to MED. 25

It is also worth noting that at the temperatures available in low enthalpy system techniques, such as thermal steam compression (TVC), which improves system efficiency, are not possible without an external heat pump, which would be a significant consumer of important electrical energy or a high quality heat source. Similarly, mechanical vapor compression (MVC) would use a significant amount of electricity, which may deny the benefits of using the geothermal resource to desalinate.

The need and occurrence of seawater desalination is greater in regions with high solar irradiance. Similarly, many solar plants on land are located in regions of high solar irradiance that are often arid regions where access to water is limited, which hinders the operation of the solar plant and creates an opportunity to alleviate water scarcity local.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Aspects of the invention generally relate to membrane-directed membrane osmosis systems and processes, including forced osmosis separation (FO), direct osmotic concentration (DOC), pressure-assisted forced osmosis (PAFO), and delayed pressure osmosis ( PRO). More particularly, the invention relates to systems and methods that integrate renewable energy sources with directed osmosis membrane systems and processes (generally, ODMP).
Generally, the systems described herein are brine concentrators thermally driven by other types of ODMP that can recover significant amounts of 50 salt concentrates from the water. The systems can produce fresh water from the residual concentrate of SWRO, MED and MSF (or directly from other water sources) and can dramatically reduce the volume of water required, for example, for a
CSP plant. This water has already been treated to feed the desalination operation upstream, and the capacity of the plant can be increased with existing input and output structures, without increasing the cost of pre-treatment, converting waste into a valuable product. Because the ODMP is a thermally directed process, it integrates well with solar thermal plants. Some heat resources can be captured from CSP plants with a very small marginal investment. In addition, because the ODMP can be driven by low-grade heat (low temperature), solar steam generators and solar water heaters provide a low-cost approach to energize the brine concentration when the brine concentration is not co- located with a CSP plant. 10

The minimum estimated CAPEX requirements to provide thermal energy to the systems reported for brine concentration using cold energy and cold Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) as thermal energy sources are described below, as discussed in more detail below. . For a 50 MWe CSP 15 plant, an average capacity brine concentration system of 1300 m3 / day (0.34 MGD) may virtually not be an OPEX when using the waste energy. Additional thermal energy from cold HTF can be captured by only a CAPEX investment of ~ $ 340 / m3 / day in the solar field. These thermal energy sources have no fuel costs and can be obtained with a marginal OPEX effectively zero. The 20 different systems themselves cost approximately $ 2,500 per m3 / day capacity to be installed in the capacity range of 3000 m3 / day; however, these costs may vary depending on the application and the overall size and configuration of the system. OPEX is minimal. Within a 25-year depreciation period of capital this results in a cost of water in the range of $ 0.75 to $ 1. 25

Unlike all other brine concentration technologies, the present invention has the inherent ability to store desalination capacity. The basic forced osmosis process is described in the various patents and patent applications that are incorporated below, but the central part for the production of fresh water from brines is the use of an extraction solution that separates by osmosis Brine water. As the extraction solution is recycled in a closed loop cycle, it can accumulate in the concentrated form during periods where the thermal energy input is higher and is emptied during periods of a lower thermal energy input. Therefore, the process is inherently convenient for coupling with intermittent and variable thermal inputs, such as those found with renewable energy sources.

Typical CSP plants use a conventional Rankine steam cycle. The steam is condensed after leaving the turbine to improve the efficiency of the turbine. The lower the temperature at which heat is rejected increases the efficiency of the Rankine cycle, leading to an increased electrical output per unit of heat input at a given feed vapor temperature. It is desirable to use cooling towers, since these can provide lower temperatures than dry cooling. However, many CSP plants are, or will be located in 45 arid regions, where access to water resources is extremely limited. Dry air cooling is an alternative to cooling with cooling towers that consume water. However, dry cooling can reduce electricity production by 7% and increase the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) by 10%. fifty

The brine concentration with the disclosed osmotic systems and processes is ideally suited to reduce the water consumption of the cooling towers
recapturing fresh water for the formation of the cooling tower from the purge of the salt cooling tower. Additionally, in the case where CSP plants are located near gas and oil production or mining operations, osmotic systems and processes can be used to provide fresh water to the cooling systems of the CSP plant through water desalination produced saline, 5 fracturing the counter flow of the fluid or extracting the waste. In these cases, the implementation of the present invention to provide the opportunity for wet cooling could reduce the LCOE by as much as 10%. Water consumption for cooling can be significant: 710-950 USG / MVh. CSP plants are often located in arid regions, so desalination on the integrated site can be very beneficial by providing a convenient water source for a cooling tower and reusing the cooling tower purge.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a system (and its corresponding method steps) for the osmotic extraction of a solvent from a first solution. The first solution may include any of the water sources disclosed herein, including the solvent recovered from any of those sources for reuse within the system / process. The system includes a forced osmosis unit including a first chamber that has an inlet fluidly coupled to a source of the first solution, a second chamber that has an inlet fluidly coupled to a source of a concentrated extraction solution, and a semipermeable membrane system that separates the first chamber from the second chamber and configured to osmosis separate the solvent from the first solution, thus forming a second solution in the first chamber and an extraction solution diluted in the second chamber. The system also includes a thermal energy source from a renewable energy source and a separation system 25 in fluid communication with the forced osmosis unit and the thermal energy source and configured to separate the diluted extraction solution in the concentrated extraction solution and a solvent stream. The separation system includes a first inlet fluidly coupled to an outlet of the second chamber of the forced osmosis unit to receive the diluted extraction solution thereof, a second inlet to receive the thermal energy source, a first outlet fluidly coupled to the second chamber of the forced osmosis unit to introduce the concentrated extraction solution to the forced osmosis unit, and a second outlet to emit the solvent.
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In various embodiments of the above aspect, the forced osmosis unit includes a plurality of semipermeable membrane systems. The renewable energy source may include a concentrated solar power plant or a geothermal system. The thermal energy source may include at least one of residual heat, stored heat or a steam source. The residual heat source may include heat rejected by a concentrated solar power plant, for example, during periods of high solar irradiance. The stored heat may include at least one of a hot heat transfer fluid, a cold heat transfer fluid, and / or a source of hot water from a concentrated solar power plant or other geothermal source. The steam source may include at least one of a portion of the steam outlet of a steam generator, a solar superheater, and / or a steam condenser, as may be available between stages of a steam turbine. In some embodiments, the separation system includes a distillation module, such as a distillation column and / or a membrane distillation module; however, other types of separation systems are disclosed in the incorporated applications that are incorporated and considered within the scope of the invention.

In one or more modes, the steam source is directly coupled to the module
distillation through, for example, any necessary plumbing, valves, etc. In some embodiments, the other sources of thermal energy are used to generate steam for the separation system or otherwise to provide heat for alternative extraction solution recovery methods. In additional embodiments, the systems may include pre-treatment and / or post-treatment systems in fluid communication with the thermal energy source. In one embodiment, the system includes a pre-treatment system to condition the first solution. In another embodiment, the system includes a post-treatment system to condition at least one of the second solution, the concentrated extraction solution and / or the solvent. In addition, the system may include an osmotic storage system to feed the concentrated extraction solution 10 and the solvent leaving the separation system in the fluid insulation for subsequent reintroduction to the forced osmosis unit as the first solution and the extraction solution concentrated. The system can be operated to store desalination capacity during non-peak hours (for example, a period of low demand for water and / or energy) and produce water during hours of demand for water and / or peak energy.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for osmosis extracting a solvent from a first solution. The method includes the steps of providing a forced osmosis unit, fluidly coupling a separation system with the forced osmosis unit, and introducing a thermal energy source from a renewable energy source to the separation system. The forced osmosis unit includes a first chamber that has an inlet fluidly coupled to a source of the first solution, a second chamber that has an inlet fluidly coupled to a source of a concentrated extraction solution, and a system of semipermeable membrane 25 that separates the first chamber from the second chamber and configured to osmosis separate the solvent from the first solution, thus forming a second solution in the first chamber and an diluted extraction solution in the second chamber. The separation system is configured to separate the diluted extraction solution in the concentrated extraction solution and a solvent stream and includes an inlet fluidly coupled to an outlet of the second chamber of the forced osmosis unit to receive the solution diluted extraction thereof, a first outlet fluidly coupled to the second chamber of the forced osmosis unit to introduce the concentrated extraction solution to the forced osmosis unit, and a second outlet to emit the solvent. 35

In various embodiments of the above aspect, the step of introducing a thermal energy source includes directing at least one of the residual heat, stored heat or a steam source from a concentrated solar power plant to the separation system. Generally, the stored heat includes at least one of a hot heat transfer fluid, a cold heat transfer fluid, / or a source of hot water from a concentrated solar power plant. In some embodiments, the separation system includes at least one distillation module (for example, a distillation column or a membrane distillation module) and the step of introducing a thermal energy source includes directing a steam source to the modulus of steam. distillation. The steam source may include at least one of a portion of the steam emitted from a steam generator, a solar superheater, and / or a steam condenser. In additional embodiments, the step of introducing a thermal energy source includes directing the thermal energy source to a steam generator or other heat exchanger to provide steam to the separation system. In addition, the method may include introducing a portion of the thermal energy source 50 to at least one of a pre-treatment and / or post-treatment process to condition at least one of the first solution, the second solution and / or The solvent In some embodiments, the method includes the steps of storing the solvent and the solution of
concentrated extraction generated by the separation system in fluid isolation for subsequent reintroduction to the forced osmosis unit as the first solution and concentrated extraction solution for additional desalination, for example, during a peak demand for water and / or energy.
 5
In various embodiments of the above aspects, the concentrated extraction solution includes ammonia and carbon dioxide in a desired molar ratio of at least one to one. However, other extraction solutions are contemplated and considered within the scope of the invention, including, for example, NaCl or any of the various alternative extraction solutions disclosed in Patent Application 10 PCT / US13 / 69895 (the application '895), filed on November 13, 2013, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In addition, other systems and methods for separating and recovering extraction solutes and the solvent, such as those disclosed in Application '895, are contemplated and considered within the scope of the invention. In addition, various pre-treatment and post-treatment systems can be incorporated into the above aspects of the invention. Pre-treatment systems may include at least one of a heat source to preheat the first solution, means for adjusting the pH of the first solution, means for disinfection (e.g. chemical or UV), separation and clarification, a filter or other means for filtering the first solution (for example, carbon or sand filtration or reverse osmosis), means for polymer addition, ion exchange, or means for softening (for example, softening with lime) the first solution. Post-treatment systems may include at least one of a reverse osmosis system, an ion exchange system, a second forced osmosis system, a distillation system, a pervaporator, a mechanical vapor recompression system, a system heat exchange, or a filtration system.

Other aspects, modalities and advantages of these aspects and exemplary modalities are analyzed in detail below. In addition, it will be understood that both the above information and the following detailed description are simply illustrative examples of the various aspects and modalities, and are intended to provide a general perspective or framework for understanding the nature and character of the aspects and modalities claimed. Accordingly, these and other objectives, together with the advantages and features of the present invention disclosed herein, will be apparent through reference to the following description and the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, it will be understood that the characteristics of the various modalities described herein are not mutually exclusive and may exist in various combinations and permutations. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
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In the drawings, similar reference characters generally refer to the same parts through different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, however generally emphasis can be placed on the illustration of the principles of the invention and they are not intended to be a definition of the limits of the invention. For clarity purposes, you don't have to label each component in each drawing. In the following description, various embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a basic system for osmotic extraction of a solvent according to one or more embodiments of the invention; fifty
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of an application of the system of Figure 1 according to one or more embodiments of the invention;
Figure 3 is a pictorial representation of a parabolic CSP plant configuration
typical with a fossil fuel ignition backup system;
Figure 4 is a pictorial representation of a typical parabolic CSP plant configuration with thermal storage;
Figure 5 is a graphical representation of residual heat thrown during peak operating hours; 5
Figure 6 is a graphic representation of an example of the performance of the CSP plant;
Figure 7 is a graphical representation of the energy wasted for an exemplary plant;
Figures 8A-8D are block diagrams illustrating the possible configurations for integrating osmosis-directed membrane processes with renewable energy sources; Y
Figure 9 is a schematic representation of the system of Figure 1 incorporated with 10 different heat sources for recovery and recycling of extraction solutes according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
 fifteen
According to one or more modalities, a basic osmotic method for extracting water from an aqueous solution can generally involve exposing the aqueous solution to a first surface of a forced osmosis membrane. A second solution, or extraction solution, with an increased concentration relative to that of the aqueous solution can be exposed to a second opposite surface of the forced osmosis membrane. Water can then be extracted from the aqueous solution through the forced osmosis membrane and can be placed in the second solution, generating a solution enriched with water by forced osmosis, which uses the fluid transfer properties that involve movement from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution. The water-enriched solution, also referred to as a diluted extraction solution, can be collected at a first outlet and can undergo an additional separation process to produce purified water. A second product stream, that is, an aqueous solution emptied or concentrated, can be collected in a second outlet for discharge or further treatment. Alternatively, the various systems and methods described herein can be carried out without non-aqueous solutions.

According to one or more modalities, a forced osmosis membrane module may include one or more forced osmosis membranes. Forced osmosis membranes can generally be semipermeable, for example, allowing the passage of water, but excluding solutes dissolved therein, such as sodium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate. Many types of semipermeable membranes are suitable for this purpose as long as they have the capacity to allow the passage of water (i.e., the solvent) while blocking the passage of solutes and does not react with solutes in the solution. 40

According to one or more modalities, at least one forced osmosis membrane can be placed inside a housing or enclosure. The housing can generally be sized and shaped to accommodate the membranes placed there. For example, the carcass can be substantially cylindrical if the carcass spirals the 45 forced osmosis membranes. The module housing can contain inputs to provide power and extraction solutions to the module as well as outputs to remove product currents from the module. In some embodiments, the housing may provide at least one reservoir or chamber to maintain or store a fluid that is to be introduced into the module or to be removed therefrom. In at least one embodiment, the housing may be insulated. In still other embodiments, the membranes can be housed within a plate and shell type module. In addition, membrane membranes or modules can be submerged into a reservoir that holds either the first solution or the second solution.
solution.

According to one or more modalities, extraction solutes can be recovered for reuse. Examples of extraction solute recovery processes are described in United States Patent Publication Number 2012/0067819 (5 Publication '819), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety or application' 895. A separation system can separate the solutes from the diluted extraction solution to produce product water substantially free of the solutes. The separation system may include a distillation column or other mechanical or thermal recovery mechanism. The extraction solutes can then be returned, such as by a recycling system, to the concentrated extraction solution. For example, gaseous solutes can be condensed or absorbed to form a concentrated extraction solution. An absorber may use dilute extraction solution as an absorbent. In other embodiments, the product water can be used as an absorbent, for all or part of the absorption of the gas streams of a solute recycling system. In addition, the gas and / or heat produced as part of a wastewater treatment process can be used in the recovery process of the extraction solute.

According to one or more embodiments, the first solution may be any aqueous or solvent solution containing one or more solutes for which separation is desired, by purification or other treatment. In some embodiments, the first solution may be non-potable water, such as seawater, salt water, brackish water, gray water or some industrial water. A process stream to be treated may include salts and other ionic species such as chloride, sulfate, bromide, silicate, iodide, phosphate, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, nitrate, arsenic, lithium, boron, strontium, molybdenum , manganese, aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel, selenium, silver and zinc. In some examples, the first solution may be brine such as salt water, sea water, wastewater or other contaminated water. The first solution can be delivered to a forced osmosis membrane treatment system from the operation of an upstream unit, such as an industrial facility or power generation plant, or any other source such as the ocean. The second solution may be an extraction solution containing a higher concentration of solute relative to the first solution. A wide variety of extraction solutions can be used. For example, the extraction solution may comprise a thermolytic salt solution. In some embodiments, an ammonia and carbon dioxide extraction solution can be used, such as those disclosed in United States Patent Publication Number 2005/0145568, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, the second solution may be a concentrated solution of ammonia and carbon dioxide. In at least one embodiment, the extraction solution may comprise ammonia and carbon dioxide in a molar ratio greater than 1 to 1.

According to one or more modalities, a forced osmosis separation process may comprise: introducing a first solution on a first side of a semipermeable membrane, detecting at least one characteristic of the first solution, selecting a molar ratio for a solution of concentrated extraction comprising two or more solute species (for example, ammonia and carbon dioxide and their associated species) based on at least one characteristic detected, introduce the concentrated extraction solution at the selected molar ratio on a second side of the semipermeable membrane to maintain a desired osmotic concentration gradient through the semipermeable membrane, promote the flow of at least a part of the first solution through the semipermeable membrane to form a second solution on the first side of the semipermeable membrane and an extraction solution diluted in the second
side of the semipermeable membrane, introduce at least a part of the diluted extraction solution to a separation operation to recover extraction solutes and a solvent stream, reintroduce the extraction solutes to the second side of the semipermeable membrane to maintain concentrations and the selected molar ratio of the solute species in the concentrated extraction solution, and collect the solvent stream.

According to one or more modalities, various systems and membrane methods directed by osmosis can be integrated with larger systems. In some modalities, systems and methods can be integrated with various sources of heat and 10 water systems. In at least one embodiment, an extraction solution can be fed into the tubes associated with a condenser. In some embodiments, hot water from under the ground can be used in a reheater. In other embodiments, geothermal heat, wastewater from industrial sources, solar collectors, molten salt, or waste heat can be used in a thermal storage system. 15 In other modalities still, diesel generators can be implemented.

The osmosis-directed membrane systems analyzed here can be integrated with various renewable energy sources, such as low-grade (and higher) geothermal resources, low-cost solar water heaters, low-cost solar steam generators, residual heat industrial such as exhaust gases, condensers, etc., and can be used for the following applications: treatment of produced water (co-produced water with gas and oil production); mining wastewater, water production from concentrates of SWRO, MED, MSF and other seawater desalination plants; administration of the concentrate of the brackish water plant 25 (and other), in particular BWRO; industrial wastewater treatment, including, but not limited to, cooling tower purge, heater purge, process wastewater; industrial wastewater reuse; brine recovery in general; production of municipal drinking water distributed on a small scale; production of drinking water in general; water production for agricultural and / or aquaculture uses; treatment of cooling tower purge or condensate purge specifically related to energy production in a CSP plant; and the provisioning of cooling water, washing water, steam formation or other water useful for solar heating, solar steam generation or solar power plant.
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Generally, integration can take the form of direct use of heat for recovery of the extraction solution, efficiency improvements with mechanical vapor compression recovery, and efficiency improvements with multiple effects or recovery stages of the solution. extraction. In some cases, pre-treatment is required, in which case the pre-treatment process can be performed more efficiently 40 by rejecting the heat of the recovery process of the extraction solute in the raw or partially pre-treated water, to improve softening by changing from cold softening to hot softening with improved softening kinetics and improved speed and quality of separation. An alternative to the conventional solids they contact and the high speed clarification softening is to use a cross flow micro-softening operation. This provides a very high quality pretreated water and can reduce the chemical demand for silica reduction. The elimination of much of the pre-treatment is possible with the use of hollow or flat submerged fiber membranes or alternative configurations that allow the approach of mud with seeds to allow precipitation on seed crystals in the solution in contact with the membranes 50 FO. Examples of the seed mud approach can be found in U.S. Patent Publications Nos. 2012/0273417 and 2012/0267307, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Many of these resources produce heat or energy that is variable with respect to time, for example, with short-term variations in solar intensity, daytime variations and seasonal variations. This can adversely impact the thermal separation operation. Possible solutions to this problem include: intermittent operation 5 of the desalination process, resulting in a higher capital cost as capacity needs to increase the time the plant is off-line will increase; integration into the thermal storage system (if available) of the thermal plant (for example, molten salt or thermocline storage in a CSP plant); addition of thermal storage specifically for the desalination operation, through the use of molten salts, thermocline storage, or sensible heating of ceramics or other solids; and decoupling of thermal and desalination operations by storing desalination separation capacities, by storing osmotic separation capacity, by storing concentrated and diluted extraction solutions, for example, continuous desalination 15 by replenishing and emptying a storage Concentrated extraction solution and recovery of intermittent extraction solute as heat is what is available.

The present invention allows a low enthalpy geothermal desalination with various membrane processes directed by osmosis. Generally, the use of low enthalpy geothermal desalination offers a very attractive approach to shift the use of fossil fuels to generate thermal and electrical energy to desalinate. This eliminates the inefficiency of energy generation and transmission and allows the export of displaced fossil fuel and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases. In practice, there are only a few small-scale implementations (pilot plant) of low enthalpy geothermal desalination. The technology used has been MED with few effects and low efficiency (performance ratio). MED is the selection of obvious conventional technology to engage with a low enthalpy geothermal resource. However, it is not clear how efficient this process will be when it matches the 30 unique characteristics of geothermal fluids at the temperatures of interest and will require a significant redesign as opposed to current commercial scale technologies. The osmosis-directed membrane systems disclosed herein can utilize direct exchange with the geothermal circuit obviating the need for capital expenditure, electrical demands and inefficiency of a secondary circuit. These systems may require more pre-treatment than thermal technologies, but this is offset by much greater water recoveries and the reduction in capital expenditure due to intake / output structures and pumping requirements. With the current state of development, the system performance ratio compares favorably with MED, especially given the reduction in the efficiency ratio due to the need that MED has for a secondary circuit 40 and the possible need for steam generation. Future improvements in technology offer the possibility of even greater performance.

Due to the low temperature of the low enthalpy geothermal resources and the boiling point of the geothermal brines compared to water, it is not practical to effectively launch the geothermal fluid to produce steam without the use of a condenser. vacuum, which is probably not practical and inefficient as it would incur an energy penalty in the form of a vacuum pump. Thermal energy is obtained by sensitive heat removal from the geothermal fluid; that is, reducing the temperature of the geothermal fluid before it is pumped to a 50-return well. Given the capital cost of drilling geothermal and return wells, it is economical to size a primary titanium heat exchanger at an approach temperature of 2 ° C. Titanium would be chosen as a material of
construction due to the high salinity of geothermal brine. That means that the fluid on the other side of the heat exchanger to the geothermal fluid will leave this exchanger at 2 ° C less than the outlet temperature of the geothermal fluid.

Because thermal energy is removed from the geothermal fluid by reducing its temperature, it is necessary to carry out a significant reduction in temperature to effectively use the resource. For example, 14% more thermal energy can be obtained by cooling a geothermal fluid from 100 ° C to 65 ° C as opposed to 70 ° C. In this way, the lower the heat temperature that can be used, the greater the amount of thermal energy that can be extracted from a given well. Note that in these cases the temperature of the heat flow entering the system would be 63 ° C or 68 ° C.

In some applications it may be necessary to use a secondary circuit to transfer heat for the final use of heat (for example, electric power generation or a desalination system). This circuit can recirculate oil, water or other heat transfer fluid 15. Said secondary system has the advantage of offering the capacity to store thermal energy, although thermal storage at the temperatures of interest would represent a lot of capital. This secondary circuit also requires the use of primary electrical energy due to the need for a recirculation pump. There is a balance between this energy demand and the heat temperature available for the final use of heat. Because this secondary heat transfer fluid transfers sensitive heat, its temperature will decrease. By increasing the speed of recirculation, this decrease in temperature can be reduced, but with the cost of the pumping energy increased due to a higher flow rate and friction losses and primary energy consumption. Additionally, because a secondary circuit must transfer heat 25 to the end-use system, it requires a difference in temperature, between the return temperature of the secondary fluid and the heat used in the system. This temperature can be reduced with an increased capital expenditure in this heat exchanger, and in practice it will be 2 ° C or higher.
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The efficiency of any thermodynamic heat engine process is limited by the temperature difference between the heat input temperature and the heat rejection temperature. In the Middle East region, the temperature of the heat sink (seawater) can reach 32 ° C in the summer. Therefore, a temperature loss of 5 ° C or greater in a secondary circuit below the return temperature of the geothermal fluid 35 can have a significant impact on the efficiency of any end user of thermal energy. Therefore, it is desirable to use thermal heat directly, instead of using a secondary circuit.

Significant improvements in thermal desalination can be carried out with the use of some form of heat pump, for example TVC, MVC, or absorption heat pump (ABS). However, with the available heat temperature with low enthalpy geothermal energy, TVC is not possible without an additional external heat pump. Any heat pump of this type would use a significant amount of primary electrical energy, such as MVC or ABS, thus denying the benefit of the use of low enthalpy geothermal energy.

The Won Output Ratio (GOR) is a measurement of the ratio of the mass of product water produced divided by the mass of the steam inlet. Because the input of steam to different systems can be at different temperatures and, therefore, at a different enthalpy, a performance ratio is often used for comparison purposes. The performance ratio (PR) is often defined as the number of kilograms of water produced by 2326 kJ of heat consumed.

Thermal desalination systems are very sensitive to the Superior Brine Temperature (TBT) and the heat transfer area in a thermal desalination system is very significant. Any reduction in the heat transfer coefficient due to tartar formation will have a very adverse impact on the efficiency and capacity of the system. Sulfate is present in seawater in significant quantities and calcium sulfate exhibits retrograde solubility: it will precipitate and cause tartar formation in case seawater warms up. MSF (a sudden distillation process by Flash effect) separates seawater from the heat transfer process, but MED is very sensitive to TBT as evaporation occurs on a heat transfer surface (usually outside of heat transfer tubes). Therefore, MED operates at TBTs well below MSF and is often designed to operate in parallel mode, where seawater is fed in parallel to each effect, resulting in a ratio of product water to water feed of very low sea. fifteen

As previously analyzed, MED plants will probably run in a parallel feeding mode and, therefore, their recovery will be low (the percentage of product water divided by the feed water). Even in a queued feed mode, recovery is limited. Although recoveries as high as 30% 20 are possible in some configurations, it is likely that recovery will be in the range of 10-20%. This results in the need for large inlet and outlet structures (~ 10-15% of plant capex) and primary energy consumption to extract the feed and cooling water and return the concentrate. In addition, MED heat transfer requirements require the use of evaporator tubes of expensive materials such as titanium, Al-Tin and cupro-nickel alloys. Aluminum is rarely used and only with a very rigorous control of tartar formation and corrosion. The large volumes required for the low pressure drop steam flow under vacuum conditions and the use of horizontal designs result in a significant plant footprint. Capital costs for MED plants will be projected as specific 30 and are generally significant. Ranges of $ 1000- $ 2000 m3 / day capacity for large-scale plants are published.

Auxiliary power inputs include pumping and control system. Published numbers for MED plants vary from 2-5 kWh / m3. These requirements do not include the energy provided to the vacuum pump (steam ejector) that is needed to remove non-condensable gases. This energy is normally provided by steam, but the available pressure of low enthalpy geothermal fluids is not sufficient to drive an eductor. In addition, MED has limited pre-treatment requirements. The feed is often not de-aerated, which can be a challenge for 40 building materials at high salinity feeds. Turbidity and suspended solids are not a concern as long as there is no risk of clogging of atomizing nozzles.

As previously analyzed, MED has a limited TBT to minimize adverse tartar formation in the heat transfer pipe. Because the removal of heat from the geothermal fluid requires a reduction in temperature, the geothermal fluid cannot be used directly in the first effect, since the high temperature would cause the formation of tartar. This results in the need for a secondary circuit and directing the use of heat is not possible. Additionally, the first effect 50 is designed to use steam. The use of a liquid phase heat source would require a significant redesign of existing technology, with an adverse capital impact due to much higher heat transfer areas required due to the coefficients of
Lower heat transfer of a liquid as opposed to condensation vapor. The use of a secondary circuit and the need for steam in the first effect will have a significant impact on the performance ratio of the MED.

The above problems are some of the reasons why the 5 integrated forced osmosis (FO) systems are preferred. Given the current membrane performance and without the use of multiple effects, the system will obtain a performance ratio of 3-5. This compares favorably with MED technology because the FO can use the geothermal fluid directly, without a secondary circuit or the need to generate steam. See, for example, Table 1. 10

Table 1

FO Plant capacity for a 100 kg / s low enthalpy geothermal well
 fifteen
 Wellhead Geothermal Temperature  100 ° C 115 ° C 130 ° C
 Geothermal Energy Flow  10,650 KW (t) 15,975 KW (t) 21,300 KW (t)
 FO Plant Capacity  1300 m3 / day 2000 m3 / day 2500 m3 / day





 twenty




 25


Because seawater is desalinated by forced osmosis through a membrane, as opposed to thermally executing it, the retrograde solubility of calcium sulfate is not a concern and tartar formation can be controlled with the use of 30 inhibitors of tartar. Therefore, FO plant recoveries can significantly exceed MED and SWRO recoveries. Additionally, because temperatures and pressures are moderate, with the exception of the few heat exchangers, economical and robust non-metallic materials (PVC, CPVC, FRP) are used. In addition, the FO plant can use a spiral winding membrane element that allows a very high packing factor and vertical orientation for the extraction recovery column allowing a much smaller footprint. Generally, the current capital cost analysis reveals that even at modest capacities, FO plants compare favorably with large-scale thermal plants. Auxiliary electrical energy requirements will vary depending on the particular application, but the 40 highest recoveries compared to a MED process result in the need to pump much lower volumes of feedwater and, therefore, the electrical requirement is expected. be smaller The pre-treatment requirements for the FO platform may be more significant than for the MED plant. For open entries a media filter would be required. However, the optional high pH operation of the FO process decreases the potential to obstruct the formation of the biofilm or an organic obstruction. Therefore, rigorous pretreatment is not required to reduce organic components in SWRO plants. Given the high recovery of the FO platform, a much lower amount of water needs pre-treatment compared to the lower recovery systems. Heat input to FO desalination occurs in the product water stream. This current does not form tartar and in this way the permitted TBT is much higher than in the MED process, this allows the direct use of geothermal heat. Various hybrid approaches are possible to integrate MED desalination and
FO. In particular, the FO plant can be fed with the return of cooling or concentrated water from the MED plant, since this would not require an increase in the intake capacity (and capex) and no increase in the pumping of the pumping energy of feedwater, while the discharge pumping needs are reduced.
 5
Figure 1 shows a scheme of a forced osmosis system / process for the osmotic extraction of a solvent. A solution to be treated may contain one or more species such as salts, proteins, catalysts, microorganisms, organic and inorganic chemicals, precursors or chemicals, colloids or other constituents. In some non-limiting modalities, the discharge of nutrients by the 10 wastewater plants can be reduced with a forced osmosis system and process as illustrated.

As shown in Figure 1, the system / process 10 includes a forced osmosis module 12. Various systems and processes of forced osmosis can be used, such as those described herein and which are further described in US Pat. United Numbers 6,391,205 and 8,002,989; and United States Patent Publications Numbers 2011/0203994 and 2012/0267306; whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The module 12 is in fluid communication with a feed stream 20 (i.e. the first solution) and a source or stream of 20 extraction solution 24. The feed water source 20 may include, for example, municipal wastewater (for example, sewerage) and / or industrial (for example, the return flow of hydraulic fracturing), including radioactive water. The source of extraction solution 24 may include, for example, a salt stream, such as seawater, or another solution such as described herein that can act as an osmotic agent to dry out the power supply 20 by osmosis through of a forced osmosis membrane inside module 12. Module 12 emits a stream 26 of concentrated solution from the power supply 20 that can be further processed or discarded. The module 12 also emits a diluted extraction solution 28 that can be further processed as described herein, for example, the diluted extraction solution 30 may be directed to a separation unit 30 where the extraction solutes can be recovered and a objective solvent. Generally, the separation unit 30 receives a source of thermal or mechanical energy 80 to drive the separation / recycling process.
 35
Figure 2 represents a possible application of the system 10 for osmotic extraction of a solvent according to one or more embodiments of the invention. As discussed with respect to Figure 1, and in further detail, the system 10 includes the forced osmosis system 12 and may include one or more pre-treatment and / or post-treatment units 14, 16. System 10 It may include any combination of pre-treatment and / or 40 post-treatment units 14, 16 in conjunction with one or more forced osmosis systems 12, including only pre-treatment or only post-treatment. The various systems / units described herein can be interconnected through conventional plumbing techniques and can include any number and combination of components, such as pumps, valves, sensors, gauges, etc. to monitor and control the operation of the various systems and processes described herein. The various components can be used in conjunction with a controller as described below.

In the application shown in Figure 2, the system 10 is used to treat brackish water from a land source 18; however, other power supplies are contemplated and considered within the scope of the invention. As shown, the feed stream 20 is directed to the pre-treatment unit 14, where the feed stream is, for example, heated. Once the power supply has been
pretreated, the treated stream 22 is then directed to the forced osmosis system 12, where it provides the first solution as discussed above. Generally, the pre-treatment operation may include at least one of a heat source for preheating the first solution, means for adjusting the pH of the first solution, means for disinfection (for example, chemical or UV), separation and clarification, a filter or other means for filtering the first solution (eg, carbon or sand filtration, nanofiltration, or reverse osmosis), heat exchange, means for polymer addition, use of a tartar anti-formation agent, exchange of ions, or means for softening (for example, softening with lime) the first solution. The extraction solution is provided to the forced osmosis system 12 through the current 24 to provide the osmotic pressure gradient 10 necessary to promote the transport of the solvent through the membrane, as discussed herein.

At least two streams leave the forced osmosis system 12: the treated stream or concentrated feed 26, from which the solvent has been extracted; and a stream of diluted extraction 28, to which the solvent has been added. The concentrated stream 26 can then be directed to a post-treatment unit 16 for further processing. Additional post-treatment processes, for example, crystallization and evaporation, can be used to further provide a zero liquid discharge. The concentrated or fully processed feed can be discarded, recycled or otherwise claimed depending on the nature of the concentrate (arrow 38). Generally, post-treatment systems / operations may include one or more of a reverse osmosis system, an ion exchange system, additional forced osmosis processes, a distillation system, a pervaporator, a mechanical vapor recompression system , a heat exchange system, or a filtration system. Post-treatment can reduce the salinity of product water below that produced by a single-pass forced osmosis system. In other embodiments, the post-treatment alternatively or additionally can be used to remove extraction solutes that would otherwise be presented in a product stream. In some specific non-limiting modalities, the forced osmosis brine discharge can be post-treated using ion exchange, distillation, pervaporation, membrane distillation, aeration, biological treatment or other process to remove extraction solutes that diffuse to the Reverse inside the brine.

The disclosed extraction stream 28 can be directed to the separation system 30, 35 where the solvent and / or extraction solutes can be recovered. Optionally, the diluted extraction stream 28 may also be directed to a post-treatment unit as desired for further processing (stream 28a), for example, the diluted extraction solution may be preheated before being directed to the separation system 30 (stream 28b). In one or more embodiments, the separation system 30 separates the extraction solutes 40 from the diluted extraction stream 28 to produce a substantially purified solvent stream 32, for example, drinking water, and an extraction solute stream 36. In One or more embodiments, the solvent stream 32 may also be directed to a post-treatment unit for further processing (stream 32a) depending on the final use of the solvent. For example, the solvent can also be treated by distillation to remove additional extraction solutes that may still be present in the solvent. In one or more embodiments, the extraction solute stream 36 may be returned directly to the extraction stream 24 (stream 36a), directed to a recycling system 34 for reintegration into the extraction stream 24 (stream 36b), or directed to a post-treatment unit (current 36c) for further processing depending on the intended use of recovered extraction solutes. In one or more embodiments, the recycling system 34 may be used in conjunction with the pre-treatment unit 14, for example, to provide exchange of
heat with supply current 20 (current 40).

Generally, the separation system / process 30 and the recycling system / process 34, together with various other pre-treatment and post-treatment operations, require an economical source of heat, for example, for the separation and recovery of solutes from 5 extraction. This economic source of heat can be derived or obtained from various renewable energy sources analyzed here. Figures 8 and 9 show various FO systems integrated with a CSP plant and are analyzed in more detail below.

Generally, CSP plants convert solar energy into thermal energy and then thermal energy into electrical energy. The peak efficiency of the plant for a parabolic trough plant is in the range of 14-20%. There is a loss of efficiency in the conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy. This conversion is efficient at approximately 33%. Therefore, it is highly beneficial to use thermal energy as opposed to electrical energy to generate fresh water from brines. Additional methods for using thermal energy having an insignificant impact or no impact on the energy emitted by the CSP plant are discussed below. Generally, the focus of the present invention is integration with a CSP parabolic trough plant, since this is the most common and established technology. The various systems described herein can be integrated with other plant configurations, and similar benefits can be obtained. twenty

When examining current and proposed CSP plant configurations, it is clear that there are various sources of heat for brine concentration. Figure 3 shows a typical parabolic CSP plant configuration 250. Generally, plant 250 includes a solar field 252 that is made of a plurality of parabolic cylinders 254 (or other 25 collecting mechanism), a thermal energy storage 256 including a tank of hot salt 356a and a cold salt tank 256b, together with a heat exchanger 258, and a power block 260 including a steam generating circuit 262, a steam turbine 270, and typically any interface necessary to transmit or store electric power. 30

The CSP plant offers several potential sources of thermal energy for use with the FO system. Steam from steam generator 261 or superheater 263 are high-grade heat sources and perfectly suitable for energizing the system. However, they may not be an optimal option since the use of this heat directly reduces the electrical output of the plant. Hot Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) 257 is another high-grade heat source similar to the steam sources identified above. The primary difference between these two sources is that the cost of capital associated with the steam generator and heat exchangers with superheater could be reduced; however, additional solar field collectors would be required or plant output would be reduced. 40

In one embodiment, the system will take advantage of hot HTF 257 as it enters solar field 252, thereby reducing Ti in the equation (Q = ACFR (S - UL (Ti - Ta)); where Q = useful power, AC = solar field size, FR = conversion efficiency, S = solar energy in, UL = thermal loss coefficient, Ti = inlet temperature HTF, Ta = 45 ambient temperature). This reduction will be in accordance with Q = mCp (T1 - T2) with Q being the amount of energy taken from HTF 257 and T2 the new Ti in the solar field. Because the Ti is then smaller in the equation used in 2, the whole field is more efficient. It has been estimated that for a 1MW load to be taken from HTF, the change in temperature (T1-T2) will be in the order of 0.3 ° C. The decrease in the average temperature in the solar field will improve efficiency.

Additional heat sources include the heat rejected to the atmosphere in the system
cooling. Typical CSP plants use a conventional Rankine steam cycle. The steam is condensed after leaving turbine 270. Although this presents a viable source of thermal energy for brine concentration, it is low grade and, depending on the application, alternative sources would be preferred. The exhaust heat of the fossil fuel heater 274 is another convenient source of heat (depending on the application), this is probably a source of low heat capacity and possibly intermittent, making it less desirable.

Another still source of thermal energy is the antifreeze heater that may be associated with the HTF or as part of the power block 260, 360. Many CSP 10 plants include a heater to ensure that the temperature of the HTF is optimized in the mornings. It is available to supply power to other processes for the rest of the day / night. Because the capital is already invested in the CSP plant, it can provide thermal energy only at OPEX cost, because it does not require fuel and is of interest only to peak or soften a process that is using other thermal energy. HTF Sub-optimal Loop Segregation is another option of thermal energy. Generally, the solar field of a CSP plant is divided into multiple parallel loops through which HTF is pumped. As time passes for a parabolic CSP plant, some loops suffer from greater yield losses than others due to hydrogen infiltration of synthetic HTFs into the vacuum shells of the 20 solar collectors. These sub-optimal loops will have a lower hot HTF temperature. With the addition of valves to segregate HTF from these loops, the adverse impact on steam temperature can be eliminated by diverting these loops to the FO system; where thermal energy is convenient for brine concentration.
 25
Cold HTF 259 is typically in the range of 290-300 ° C and can provide another still high-grade heat source suitable for brine concentration with the FO system. Additionally, because the efficiency of solar to thermal conversion in the solar field is inversely and exponentially related to the temperature of HTF, the removal of sensitive heat from cold HTF 259 actually increases the efficiency of solar field 30 and reduces the cost additional solar collectors to compensate for this thermal energy load. This source of thermal energy is analyzed in more detail below.

The cold HTF 259 is really not that cold. Because it is used to generate steam, HTF is returned to the receivers at a temperature quite close to the steam temperature (less superheating, decrease and loss of preheating temperature to the environment). Figure 4 shows a CSP design with cold HTF at approximately 300 ° C. This is certainly a temperature sufficient to drive the osmotic systems described herein. Generally, any reduction in the temperature of cold HTF will require additional solar openings and receivers. The temperature of the HTF must be increased to a temperature that allows efficient operation of the steam turbine, but this will be a more efficient collection and will require less capital on a thermal energy basis than the heating of cold HTF temperatures existing at temperatures Hot HTF. A lower temperature HTF in a receiver loses less heat through radiation, conduction and convection, and the efficiency of solar collection 45 increases exponentially.

For example, for a 259a consumption of 1MW of cold HTF 259, 359 for an osmotic system of a 50MWe power plant, the temperature of the cold HTF would be reduced by 0.3 ° C with an associated increase in the efficiency of the solar plant of 0.28% This would result in a 50% increase in the solar field of ~ 0.02% or ~ $ 40,000. An osmotic system MGD of 0.3 would be energized with minimum OPEX and an addition of ~ $ 400,000 to the CSP 252, 352 solar field. Consequently, the use of cold HTF provides a simultaneous increase
in the efficiency of the conversion of solar thermal parabolic cylinder to thermal and allows the provisioning of an osmotic system with thermal energy to a minimum CAPEX.

In addition, CSP plants with and without thermal storage are designed with a multiple solar well over one in order to increase the capacity factor of the plant. This results in the plant rejecting large amounts of energy during periods of higher solar irradiance ("wasted energy"). In some embodiments, the system would use part of the residual heat that is thrown during peak hours to prevent the HTF from decomposing (see the graph in Figure 5). One method used to "throw away" the energy is to blur the cylinder. The residual or "pulled" heat could be captured at the output of solar field 10, 252, for example, through hot or cold HTF. The amount and availability of this heat wasted will depend on the design and location of the plant.

The solar multiple of a CSP plant is the ratio of the collector field to the energy required to operate the full load energy cycle. A plant with a solar multiple of one 15 would provide the thermal energy required to run its turbine and generator at nominal capacity, for example, at noon or summer solstice. Even plants without thermal energy storage are designed with a large solar collector field so that they can operate the turbine at maximum capacity for more hours of the year. This increases the plant capacity factor and generally reduces the LCOE. Plants without thermal storage have a solar multiple of 1.3 to 1.4, or even 2.0 for linear Fresnel systems. Plants with storage can have multiples of 3 to 5.

The use of a solar multiple greater than the unit results in periods where a CSP plant must dump energy when the collected solar irradiance would exceed the maximum limit of the thermal input to the turbine. Additionally, synthetic HTFs have a maximum operating temperature of approximately 390 ° C, beyond which fluid degradation occurs and plant operators need to "blur" solar collectors not necessary during periods of high solar irradiance. This need to waste 30 energy occurs even in plants with thermal storage, once the storage has reached its capacity. The graph in Figure 6 shows more than 150MW-h of thermal energy being dumped for a 50MWe CSP plant with 6 hours of thermal energy storage (TES) on a typical sunny day.
 35
Figure 7 shows energy pulled from an installed CSP plant, real in Spain that draws energy even in December, a month with low solar irradiance. This plant throws almost 95 GWh of thermal energy on an annual basis. With the performance capacity of the various systems described here, this represents an average of 0.3 MGD (Millions of Gallons per day) of fresh water capacity. Although this energy wasted is seasonal and sporadic, the various systems disclosed herein can facilitate production using osmotic storage. The energy wasted is higher during the hot months, where the demand for cooling water and the local demand for water will be higher.
 Four. Five
CSP plants waste a significant amount of energy. This energy can be used for brine concentration with the systems disclosed in order to provide fresh water to the CSP plant and other users, without additional capital cost to the CSP plant. This provides a virtually energy-free source to provide fresh water that would otherwise be wasted. Generally, CSP plants blur cylinder 50 to reduce the amount of energy that is being transferred to HTF, in order to reduce / eliminate excess energy that the system cannot accommodate (for example, through system capabilities, capacities of storage and / or classifications of
component). With the integration of the ODMP, the cylinder would not necessarily need to be out of focus, since this additional energy can be transferred from the HTF to the separation system. The separation system 30 can remove excess energy / heat from the HTF (for example, through a heat exchanger) and can direct this energy / heat to the separation and recycling of extraction solutes from the diluted extraction solution and / or other 5 pre-treatment or post-treatment systems within the ODMP. After removing excess energy / heat, the HTF is returned to system 250,350 in a more usable condition.

The previous sections on the energy pulled from the CSP and the cold HTF mentioned the 10 minimum CAPEX requirements to provide thermal energy to the osmotic systems disclosed for brine concentration. For a 50MWe CSP plant, an osmotic system with an average capacity of 1300 m3 / day (0.34 MGD) may virtually not represent a CAPEX when using the waste energy. Additional thermal energy can be captured from cold HTF for only ~ $ 340 / m3 / day of CAPEX investment in the solar field 15. These thermal energy sources have no fuel costs and can be obtained with a marginal OPEX effectively zero. In one embodiment (for example, a brine concentrator that has a capacity of 4000 barrels / day) the system itself would cost approximately $ 2,500 per m3 / day of capacity to install in the capacity range of 3000 m3 / day. OPEX is minimal: the auxiliary electricity demand is less than 20 kWh / m3; labor would be a marginal addition to the existing CSP; the chemical consumption for cleaning, replenishment of extraction solution and anti-tartar agent is minimal; and membrane replacement is similar to an RO plant. With a 25-year capital depreciation this results in a cost of water in the range of $ 0.75 to $ 1. 25

The specification has focused mainly on the integration of the osmotic systems disclosed with CSP plants; however, the various systems disclosed herein are ideally suitable for the use of lower grade (temperature) heat sources as can be found with a variety of renewable energy sources. For example, the 30 different systems described here connect well with either solar steam generators or solar water heaters, which offer a much smaller CAPEX alternative for CSP plants where a green meadow site is desired. Additionally, various hybrid approaches are possible to integrate MED and FO desalination. In particular, the FO plant can be fed with the return or concentrate of the cooling water of the MED plant, since this would require that there be no increase in the intake capacity (and capex) and no increase in the pumping of the feed water pumping energy, while discharge pumping needs are reduced.

Figures 8A-8D show various ODMPs integrated with different thermal energy sources 40 derived from renewable energy sources. As shown in Figure 8A, the system 400 includes one or more forced osmosis modules 412 in fluid communication with a water source 420 and a source of concentrated extraction solution 424. Module 412 emits a concentrated brine 426 which it may have gone through an optional post-treatment system / process 416a after exiting module 412. The module 412 also issues a dilute extraction solution 428 that is directed to the extraction solution recovery system 430 (eg, a unit of separation and a recycling unit) to reconcentrate the extraction solution and recover the product water 432. In some embodiments, the product water 432 may undergo further processing after exiting the recovery system of extraction solution 430, for example, through an optional post-treatment system / process 416b, such as reverse osmosis, as analyzed herein. As shown in Figure 8A, recovery system 430 uses a fluid source
geothermal 444 as the thermal energy to separate extraction solutes and / or solvent from the diluted extraction solution 428. In some embodiments, geothermal fluid 444 is also used to further concentrate the concentrated brine, for example, through a process of post-treatment for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) (see line 445). 5

Figure 8B shows a system / process 500 similar to that shown in Figure 8A. The extraction solution recovery system 530 uses one or more sources of heated fluids 544 of a CSP plant. In various embodiments, the heated fluid source may include heat transfer fluid (hot or cold), or steam from the solar hot water system 10, the solar thermal system, or the solar steam generation system. See, for example, figure 9. This source of thermal energy 544 can also be used with various pre-treatment and / or post-treatment systems to further treat any of the various currents / solutions available within the ODMP. For example, thermal energy 544 can be used to preheat the supply current (pre-15 treatment 516c and line 546) or ZLD (post-treatment 516a and line 545). See, for example, Figure 2 for alternative uses for thermal energy 544.

Figure 8C shows another alternative process / system still 600, also similar to the processes / systems of Figures 8A and 8B, which uses thermal energy 644 for the recovery of the extraction solution that includes the heat expelled (eg residual or waste) of the CSP plant. Thermal energy 644 may also include heat from hot or cold HTF, steam condenser, or other thermal storage unit of the CSP plant.
 25
Figure 8D also shows a process / system 700 similar to those of Figures 9A-9C, but using thermal energy 744 and optionally mechanical energy 748 to drive the extraction solution recovery process / system 730. Generally, the source of 744 thermal energy can be any of the previously described sources. The mechanical energy source 748 can be supplied through electrical energy 30 generated by the CSP plant to assist in the recovery process of the extraction solution, for example, by energizing a compressor or other auxiliary equipment. In addition, the energy of any of the source 744, 748 can also be used to drive other ODMP processes, such as pre-treatment and post-treatment operations, various pumps, sensors, controls, etc. 35

Figure 9 shows an exemplary system 800 incorporating an ODMP 810 with one or more thermal energy sources 880 of a CSP 850 plant. Generally, ODMP 810 is similar to those previously described, such as the CSP 850 plant. shown in Figure 9, one or more thermal energy sources, collectively 880, may be supplied to ODMP 810 and include a purge of a hot HTF 857 or a cold HTF 859, steam 865a, 865b of the steam turbine 870 or associated components, and reject or throw heat. Additional sources of thermal energy 877, such as may be available from other heat exchange devices within plant 850. Generally, thermal energy 880 is directed to ODMP 810 through any necessary plumbing system, 45 valves, etc. In some embodiments, the system 800 includes an interface module 890 that includes the valves, sensors, controls, primary movers, etc., as necessary to direct a particular source of thermal energy 880, 880 'to the separation system 830. In some modalities, multiple sources of thermal energy may be in communication with the 810 system (for example, the separation system and / or a pre-treatment or post-treatment process) and the 890 interface module can monitor the CSP plant and operating conditions (for example, environmental conditions, such as temperature and climate, plant output, energy demand, water supply, etc.) and
You can direct the most appropriate thermal source (for example, cold HTF or steam) to the 810 system.

Generally, system 810 receives a feed stream 820 from any of the previously disclosed sources and concentrates that stream 820 to produce a stream of concentrated brine 826 through the use of a concentrated extraction solution 5 824 to extract solvent through the membrane of the forced osmosis module 812. The system 810 uses thermal energy 880 'as necessary (for example, a direct steam feed to a distillation column or through a heat exchanger) to separate solvent 832 from a solution of diluted extraction 828 produced by module 812. In some embodiments, the feed stream 820 10 arises from a cooling tower 877 associated with the CSP 850 plant (eg, purge 821) and the recovered solvent 832 can be returned to those 877 cooling towers for reuse. In various embodiments, the recovered solvent 832 can be used whenever needed within the 850 plant. In some embodiments, the concentrated extraction solution 824 and the solvent 832 leaving the separation system 830 can be stored in tanks for later use. reintroduction to module 812. In some embodiments, the thermal energy source 880 is derived from steam flowing between turbine stages 870 (feeds 865), for example, as a direct steam purge or as the thermal energy recovered by condensation of steam leaving the turbine or turbine stages 877. The "used" thermal energy 882 is typically returned to plant 850, for example, as a source of water from any condensed steam within the ODMP or cold HTF or heat with excess thermal energy removed). However, the thermal energy used 882 could be used to meet other energy needs within the ODMP or it could be discarded, depending on the particular application. 25

According to one or more modalities, the devices, systems and methods described herein may generally include a controller to adjust or regulate at least one operating parameter of the device or a component of the systems, such as, but not limited to, valves and pumps. of actuation, as well as adjusting a property or characteristic of one or more fluid flow streams through an osmosis-driven membrane module, or another module in a particular system. A controller may be in electronic communication with at least one sensor configured to detect at least one operating parameter of the system, such as a concentration, flow rate, pH level, or temperature. The controller can generally be configured to generate a control signal 35 to adjust one or more operating parameters in response to a signal generated by a sensor. For example, the controller can be configured to receive a representation of a condition, property or state of any current, component or subsystem of the osmotic-operated membrane systems and associated pre-treatment and post-treatment systems. The controller typically includes an algorithm 40 that facilitates the generation of at least one output signal that is typically based on one or more of any of the representation and an objective or desired value such as a set point. According to one or more particular aspects, the controller can be configured to receive a representation of any measured property of any current, and generate a control, drive signal or output for any of the 45 system components, to reduce any deviation from the measured property of a target value.

According to one or more modalities, the process control systems and methods can monitor various concentration levels, as can be based on 50 parameters detected including pH and conductivity. The flow rates of the process stream and the tank levels can also be controlled. The temperature and pressure can be monitored. Membrane leaks can be detected
using ion selective probes, pH meters, tank levels and current flow rates. Leaks can also be detected by pressurizing one side of the gas membrane extraction solution and using ultrasonic detectors and / or visual observation of leaks on one side of feedwater. Other operational parameters and maintenance problems can be monitored. Various process efficiencies can be monitored, such as measuring the product water flow rate and quality, heat flow rate and electrical energy consumption. Cleaning protocols for the mitigation of biological obstruction can be controlled such as measuring the decline in flow as determined by the flow rates of the feed and extraction solutions at specific points in a membrane system. A sensor in a brine stream can indicate when treatment is needed, such as distillation, ion exchange, breakpoint chlorination or similar protocols. This can be done with pH, ion selective probes, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), or other means to detect the concentrations of the extraction solute. A condition of the extraction solution can be monitored and tracked to create the addition and / or replacement of solutes. Similarly, the product water quality can be monitored through conventional means or with a probe such as an ammonia or ammonia probe. FTIR can be implemented to detect present species that provide information which may be useful, for example, to ensure proper operation of the plant, and to identify behavior such as the effects of membrane ion exchange.

Those skilled in the art should appreciate that the parameters and configurations described herein are exemplary and that actual parameters and / or configurations will depend on the specific application in which the systems and techniques of the invention are used. Those skilled in the art should also recognize or be able to determine, using more than one routine experimentation, equivalent to the specific embodiments of the invention. Therefore, it will be understood that the modalities described herein are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalent thereto; The invention can be practiced in a different way from that specifically described. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the invention is directed to each feature, system, subsystem or technique described herein and any combination of two or more features, systems, subsystems or techniques described herein and any combination of two or more features, systems, subsystems and / or methods, if said features, systems, subsystems and techniques are not mutually inconsistent, will be considered within the scope of the invention as incorporated in the claims. In addition, the acts, elements and characteristics disclosed only in relation to one modality are not intended to be excluded from a similar function in other modalities.

权利要求:
Claims (20)
[1]

1. A system for osmotic extraction of a solvent from a first solution, comprising:
a forced osmosis unit comprising:
a first chamber having an input fluidly coupled to a source 5 of the first solution;
a second chamber having an inlet fluidly coupled to a source of a concentrated extraction solution; Y
a semipermeable membrane system that separates the first chamber from the second chamber and configured to osmoticly separate the solvent from the first solution, thus forming a second solution in the first chamber and an diluted extraction solution in the second chamber;
a source of thermal energy from a renewable energy source; Y
a separation system in fluid communication with the forced osmosis unit and the thermal energy source and configured to separate the extraction solution 15 diluted in the concentrated extraction solution and a solvent stream, the separation system comprising:
a first inlet fluidly coupled to an outlet of the second chamber of the forced osmosis unit to receive the diluted extraction solution thereof;
a second input to receive the thermal energy source; twenty
a first outlet fluidly coupled to the second chamber of the forced osmosis unit to introduce the concentrated extraction solution to the forced osmosis unit; Y
a second exit to emit the solvent.
 25
[2]
2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the forced osmosis unit comprises a plurality of semipermeable membrane systems.

[3]
3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the renewable energy source comprises a concentrated solar power plant.

[4]
4. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the source of thermal energy comprises at least one of residual heat, stored heat or a steam source.

[5]
5. The system according to claim 4, characterized in that the residual heat comprises heat rejected by a concentrated solar power plant.
 40
[6]
6. The system according to claim 4, characterized in that the stored heat comprises at least one of a hot heat transfer fluid, a cold heat transfer fluid, and / or a hot water source of a power plant concentrated solar energy
 Four. Five
[7]
7. The system according to claim 4, characterized in that the steam source comprises at least one of a part of the steam emitted from a steam generator, a solar superheater and / or a steam condenser from a solar power plant concentrated.
 fifty
[8]
8. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the separation system comprises a distillation module.

[9]
9. The system according to claim 8, characterized in that the distillation module comprises at least one of a distillation column and / or a membrane distillation module.
 5
[10]
10. The system according to claim 8, characterized in that the steam source is directly coupled to the distillation module.

[11]
11. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the thermal energy source is used to produce steam or a mechanical energy source 10 for use in the separation system.

[12]
12. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a pre-treatment system in fluid communication with the thermal energy source to condition the first solution.

[13]
13. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a post-treatment system in fluid communication with the thermal energy source to condition at least one of the second solution, the concentrated extraction solution, 20 and / or the solvent.

[14]
14. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an osmotic storage system for storing the concentrated extraction solution and the solvent leaving the separation system in fluid isolation for subsequent reintroduction to the forced osmosis unit as the first solution and the concentrated crude solution.

[15]
15.- A method for osmotic extraction of a solvent from a first solution, the method comprises the steps of:
provide a forced osmosis unit, where the forced osmosis unit comprises:
a first chamber having an input fluidly coupled to a source of the first solution,
a second chamber having an inlet fluidly coupled to a source 35 of a concentrated extraction solution; Y
a semipermeable membrane system that separates the first chamber from the second chamber and configured to osmoticly separate the solvent from the first solution, thus forming a second solution in the first chamber and an extraction solution diluted in the second chamber; 40
fluidly coupling a separation system with the forced osmosis unit, wherein the separation system is configured to separate the diluted extraction solution in the concentrated extraction solution and a solvent stream and comprises:
an inlet fluidly coupled to an outlet of the second chamber of the forced osmosis unit to receive the diluted extraction solution thereof;
a first outlet fluidly coupled to the second chamber of the forced osmosis unit to introduce the concentrated extraction solution to the forced osmosis unit; Y
a second exit to emit the solvent; and 50
introduce a source of thermal energy from a renewable energy source to the separation system.

[16]
16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the step of introducing a thermal energy source comprises directing at least one of residual heat, stored heat and a steam source from a concentrated solar power plant to the separation system .
 5
[17]
17. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the separation system comprises at least one distillation module and the step of introducing a thermal energy source comprises directing a steam source comprising at least one of a portion of a steam outlet from a steam generator, a solar superheater, and / or a steam condenser. 10

[18]
18. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the step of introducing a thermal energy source comprises directing the thermal energy source to a steam generator to provide steam to the separation system.
 fifteen
[19]
19. The method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of introducing a part of the source of thermal energy to at least one of a pre-treatment and / or post-treatment process to condition at least one of the first solution, according to the solution and / or the solvent.
 twenty
[20]
20. The method according to claim 15, further comprising the steps of storing the solvent and the concentrated extraction solution generated by the fluid isolation separation system for subsequent reintroduction as the first solution and the concentrated extraction solution at forced osmosis module.
25

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同族专利:

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公开号 | 公开日

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ES2547472B2|2016-09-15|

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WO2014126925A1|2014-08-21|

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IL240400D0|2015-09-24|

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ES2547472R1|2015-11-12|

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US20160002073A1|2016-01-07|

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CL2015002258A1|2015-12-18|

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CA2900944A1|2014-08-21|

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AU2014216457A1|2015-08-20|

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US201361764339P| true| 2013-02-13|2013-02-13|

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US61/764339|2013-02-13|

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US201361785116P| true| 2013-03-14|2013-03-14|

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US61/785116|2013-03-14|

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PCT/US2014/015822|WO2014126925A1|2013-02-13|2014-02-11|Renewable desalination of brines|

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